Se tratan de viajes de exploración complementarios a los que realizó Cristóbal Colón. Su importancia radica en que rompen el monopolio concedido a Colón en las Capitulaciones de Santa Fe. Estos son documentos suscritos el 17 de abril de 1492, en la localidad de Santa Fe (Granada), por los Reyes Católicos, que recogen los acuerdos alcanzados entre los reyes y Cristóbal Colón relativos a la expedición a las Indias por el mar hacia occidente. En este documento le otorgaba los títulos de almirante, virrey y gobernador general en todos los territorios que descubriera o ganase durante su vida, así como la décima parte de todos los beneficios obtenidos, nombrando como herederos a sus sucesores de forma vitalicia. También se le concedió un diezmo de todas las mercaderías que hallase, ganase y hubiese en los lugares conquistados.
El viaje de Alonso de Ojeda
Ojeda ya había acompañado a Colón en su segundo viaje, y en esta expedición, que abarcó de mayo de 1499 a mayo de 1500,tocó la costa americana a la altura de la desembocadura del Orinoco. Siguió navegando por la costa hacia el oeste, lo que le permitió avistar las islas de Trinidad y Margarita, la Costa de las Perlas, Curaçao (Isla de los Gigantes) y Península de Guajira; siendo el primero que recorrió a pie la isla Margarita.
Cristóbal Guerra y Pedro Alonso Niño (1499-1500).
Pero Alonso Niño había acompañado a Colón en su primer viaje. Formó sociedad con Cristóbal Guerra para aprovechar la concesión de una licencia para descubrir otorgada por la Corona. Partió de Palos casi a la vez que Alonso de Ojeda lo hacía desde el Puerto de Santa María. Alcanzó antes que éste la isla Margarita y desembarcó en ella obteniendo grandes botines. Navegó hacia el oeste hasta que los indígenas le recibieron hostilmente, por lo que retrocedió hasta Cumaná.
En 1500 retornó a España con enormes ganancias, lo que avivó el ansia por “descubrir” y recordó a la Corona la necesidad de disponer de licencias para explotar las riquezas.
Vicente Yañez Pinzón y Diego de Lepe
El viaje de Vicente Yáñez Pinzón (1462-1514), tiene gran importancia geográfica. Las cuatro naves de Pinzón salieron de la ría del Tinto y el Odiel a fines de 1499. Llegaron al cabo San Roque (Cabo Consolación) en Brasil, unos meses antes que Álvarez Cabral. Al enfilar hacia las Antillas descubrió la desembocadura del Amazonas. Exploró, asimismo, la desembocadura del Orinoco y prosiguió hacia el norte navegando por el archipiélago de las Lucayas. El interés del viaje es estrictamente geográfico: descubriendo Brasil y el Amazonas, así como navegar unas 400 leguas al sur de Paria.
El viaje de Diego de Lepe (1499-1500), fue un absoluto fracaso desde el punto de vista económico, aunque desde el punto de vista geográfico tiene el mérito de haber navegado más al sur que nadie y aportar cartas geográficas de navegación.
Rodrigo de Bastidas (1501-1502).
Sus capitulaciones eran para descubrir tierras “no vistas por Colón o por Cristóbal Guerra”.
Partiendo desde el punto al que había llegado Ojeda en su primer viaje, recorrió las costas de las actuales Venezuela, Colombia y Panamá con malos resultados económicos pero interesantes desde la óptica geográfica. Como consecuencia de ello quedaba recorrida toda la costa norte de América del Sur y parte del istmo.
Alonso Vélez de Mendoza (1500-1501)
El comendador Alonso Vélez de Mendoza, fletó dos naves que en principio debían dirigirse hacia el norte e iniciar la exploración de las costas de Norteamérica, quizá para entrar en competencia con las exploraciones brasileñas.
Sin embargo las naves se dirigieron hacia el sur. A fines de agosto de 1500 partieron de Sevilla. Finalmente regresaron en mayo de 1501 con esclavos brasileños, aunque sin encontrar el extremo sur del continente que habían supuesto estaría en la misma latitud que el cabo de Buena Esperanza.
47 replies on “LOS VIAJES ANDALUCES”
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