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LOS INICIOS DEL CONTROL CASTELLANO SOBRE LAS INDIAS

Casi inmediatamente a los descubrimientos se planteó la necesidad de controlar los nuevos territorios descubiertos. Era necesario ya que el envío de expediciones transoceánicas, el suministro de equipos y víveres a colonias y la llegada y distribución de los cargamentos de regreso eran tareas que exigían una base en la metrópoli y una administración centralizada.
Sevilla
Cádiz resistió con energía la influencia de Sevilla durante los primeros diez años a partir de los descubrimientos. Estuvo en duda a qué puerto andaluz le correspondía la primacía en el comercio con América. Finalmente se tomó la decisión de establecerlos en Sevilla y en 1503 se estableció por real decreto en Sevilla la Casa de Contratación, organismo creado para fomentar y regular el comercio y la navegación con el Nuevo Mundo.
Durante muchos años después, los barcos que iban a Indias, salvo raras excepciones, tenían que zarpar de Sevilla; y todas las flotas de Indias, sin excepción, tenían que regresar allí. Pero; ¿Por qué se eligió Sevilla?
Tenía sus desventajas. Se encuentra a sesenta millas aguas arriba de un río fangoso y serpenteante. El monopolio de Sevilla se ha citado muchas veces como ejemplo de la indiferencia mostrada por los españoles hacia el interés comercial, de su preferencia por la regulación burocrática por encima del factor económico. En realidad la Corona no hizo más que dar la aprobación oficial a una elección ya efectuada anteriormente por la mayoría de los capitanes experimentados en la navegación hacia las Indias. Ninguna de las posibles alternativas era satisfactoria. Los puertos de Niebla eran demasiado pequeños y próximos a la frontera portuguesa. Cádiz tenía mejor puerto que Sevilla, pero estaba más expuesto al mal tiempo y al ataque de los enemigos. Además no tenía terreno adecuado y los pertrechos tenían que ser llevados a la ciudad desde lejos. Los puertos castellanos del norte, como La Coruña o Bilbao, estaban demasiado alejados, y para alcanzar los vientos alisios, que eran los únicos que aseguraban una rápida travesía a las Indias, tenían que atravesar toda la costa portuguesa.
Sevilla, por el contrario, constituía el centro comercial de una de las regiones más ricas de España y poseía ya la población, las facilidades portuarias y la organización financiera para desarrollar un nuevo comercio. Sus comunicaciones con el interior eran buenas, y el vino, la harina y el aceite de los cargamentos de exportación se podían obtener fácilmente en Sevilla; y en la Casa de Sevilla el oro de las Indias estaba relativamente seguro. La elección de esta ciudad resultaba, por tanto, lógica y natural.

La Casa de Contratación
Fue la primera institución creada para fines específicos de gobierno del imperio colonial español y para la regulación del comercio entre España y sus posesiones de ultramar. Fue fundada por decreto de 20 de junio de 1503, con sede en Sevilla que representaba la capital mercantil del reino de Castilla. Además de centro administrativo y comercial, era Corte de Justicia, con una institución subordinada, con asiento en Cádiz, llamada Juzgado de las Indias. Quedó abolida en 1790 debido a la presión de las empresas comerciales del norte de España y a consecuencia de las reformas anteriormente introducidas por Carlos III en las relaciones comerciales con las posesiones de América.

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