La competencia entre Portugal y Castilla tras el primer viaje colombino.
El primer viaje de Colón a América origino múltiples problemas en todo lo referente al derecho. Y principalmente por lo que respecta al derecho internacional, ya que había que definir a partir de ahora cual iba a ser el derecho español frente a las demás potencias en los nuevos territorios descubiertos.
En este contexto los problemas que se plantearon desde el punto de vista del derecho internacional fueron múltiples. Ya que nada más regresar Colón se planteo una grave cuestión, pues se pensaba que había llegado a las Indias por el Oeste y ello suponía entrar en conflicto con los intereses de Portugal.
Por ello Isabel la Católica se dirigió al Papa para resolver dos cuestiones: la evangelizadora y el arbitraje respecto de Portugal. El recurso al Papa era normal ya que podía disponer de las tierras de los paganos y concederlas en plena soberanía a un príncipe cristiano para que las evangelizara a cambio de la soberanía.
El Papa era a la sazón Alejandro VI quien dictó dos Bulas denominadas “Inter caetera” en el mes de mayo de 1493 en las que se preveía una línea que, de polo a polo, y a 100 leguas de las Azores distinguía lás áreas de dominio e influencia castellano y portugués. A Castilla quedaban reservadas las tierras descubiertas o por descubrir que se hallasen hacia el Occidente, hacia la India o hacia cualquier otra parte del mundo; siempre que se localizasen más allá de las 100 millas de Azores.
Juan II de Portugal no aceptó las Bulas, pero el Papa siguió expidiendo documentos favorables a los castellanos, y la última bula de septiembre de 1493, conocida como la “Bula de la ampliación” lesionaba claramente los intereses portugueses al contemplar la posibilidad de que los barcos castellanos, yendo hacia poniente, descubriesen islas pertenecientes a la India asiática. De este modo el mundo quedaba abierto para la colonización de Castilla, a la vez que se iniciaba un litigio luso-castellano al que podría fin el Tratado de Tordesillas.
Los portugueses insistieron en que a Castilla sólo les podía corresponder las tierras halladas en la misma latitud que las Canarias; lo cual se correspondía con su idea de dividir el Atlántico de manera horizontal tomando como referencia las Canarias.
Los castellanos defendieron otra posición: que la zona reservada a Portugal era la extendida desde el paralelo de Canarias hacia abajo, hacia Guinea, sin distinguir océano del norte o del sur; que únicamente tenía acotado el camino de la costa africana, las aguas hacia Guinea. Todo lo demás era castellano o de nadie.
La idea portuguesa de dividir el Atlántico mediante paralelos era contraria a la contenida en las Bulas, que aludía a meridianos; de ahí que las discusiones diplomáticas fueran largas y tensas. Por fin, a primeros de junio de 1494, los plenipotenciarios de ambas coronas se reunieron en Tordesillas y firmaron el Tratado de igual nombre en el que se hace referencia explícita a la división del mundo asiático y americano.
En el acuerdo había algunas clausulas muy importantes, entre las que destacan:
La más importante: se fija un meridiano de partición a 370 leguas al oeste de Cabo Verde. La parte oriental quedaba para Portugal y la occidental para Castilla, comprometiéndose ambas potencias a no realizar exploraciones en los ámbitos de influencia respectivos. Otra medida era que se establecía un plazo de diez meses para trazar el meridiano, debiendo enviar ambos países equipos de técnicos que, tras reunirse en Gran Canaria, se desplazarían a Cabo Verde para fijar la distancia de 370 leguas. Y por último los castellanos quedaban autorizados a atravesar la zona lusitana en su navegar hacia el oeste, aunque no podían detenerse a explorar en ella.
Este tratado modificaba la Bula Intercaetera en favor de los portugueses que, de esta manera, pudieron incluir al Brasil en su ámbito de influencia.
Gracias a Tordesillas los portugueses se aseguraron la ruta hacia Oriente por África y una pequeña porción de Suramérica, mientras que los castellanos quedaron reducidos a sus Indias Occidentales.
Otras naciones, como Francia de la mano de Francisco I, o Inglaterra de Enrique VIII, no aceptaron las resoluciones papales y enviaron expediciones hacia el oeste.
37 replies on “PROBLEMAS EN EL DERECHO INTERNACIONAL TRAS EL DESCUBRIMIENTO COLOMBINO”
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